Although it has nothing to do with the list, I consider this fact very interesting: Leonardo da Vinciinvented the sniper firearm. It was not a rifle, as its barrel was smoothbore, but he greatly improved its accuracy by bolting one of his refracting telescopes onto it, aligning it precisely, and used it, in the company of his employer, the Duke of Milan, to shoot enemy soldiers off castle walls from 1,000 yards. He claims the equivalent of 1,000 yards in his notes, but I doubt the distance was this great. He provides no explanation as to why this weapon never became popular. So now, after that moment of randomness, here is the list:
10
George Washington’s Teeth
President Washington never owned a set of wooden teeth. He did however own a set of hippopotamus ivory teeth, a set of horse teeth, donkey teeth, and human teeth (from various sources), a set of 18kt gold teeth (he tried 24kt but they were too malleable), and a set of lead teeth, which were not particularly good for him. These four sets of dentures (the human and animal teeth were mixed) are in the National Museum of Dentistry. No other dentures of Washington have been discovered.
9
The Ruler of Hell
Amazingly, many Christians believe that Satan is sitting on a throne in Hell, laughing at all the agony of the poor damned souls, while his imps and demons run around with pitchforks. None of this is Biblical. Satan is quite frequently described as living on Earth, and doing what he does best, corrupting mankind.
The tradition of a ruler in Hell comes from the Greek god Hades, at least, and perhaps even earlier with the Egyptians. Hades sits on the throne of the Underworld, just as Zeus, his brother, sits on the throne of Olympus.
The Biblical description of Hell is clearly anarchic. No one is in charge. Everyone is screaming and writhing, etc., in a lake of fire. Satan has never been there, and will not go until the end when he loses his fight against God.
The Christian tradition of Satan ruling Hell comes largely from John Milton’s “Paradise Lost.” “Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heav’n,” Satan says, in Book I.
8
Express Your Anger
There is a very common myth about psychology in which people believe they will alleviate their anger by “letting it out”. This is such a popular concept that many therapies have grown up around it – things like punchbags, squeeze balls, etc. In fact, the opposite is found to be true. When a person expresses their anger regularly, it becomes habit forming. While there may appear to be a temporary relief from the anger when you smash a plate against the wall, ultimately your fits of anger will become an addiction and you will begin to seek out more reasons to become angry – in order to achieve that nice feeling. So ultimate, the best thing to do: bottle it up!
7
Don Knotts the D. I.
Don Knotts, who played the lovable Barney Fife on the Andy Griffith Show, is said to have been a Marine Corps drill instructor during WWI, on Parris Island, SC, of the savage caliber of R. Lee Ermey. Not true. Knotts enlisted in the Army, not the marines, and served as a traveling comedian, entertaining troops overseas, during WWII, but never trained anyone, and never fired a rifle at anyone.
6
Caffeine Stunts Growth
Caffeine will do a lot of negative things to you, but it will not stunt your growth. It has nothing to do with growth. Experiments have shown that children who consume caffeine do not grow any slower or less than children who are not allowed caffeine, over a period of years.
The myth was probably dreamed up by some clever parent who didn’t want his or her child drinking so much Pepsi.
5
Absinthe the Acid
Absinthe was never any more poisonous than whiskey. The myth goes back at least to the 1800s, and claims that it causes hallucinations, as potently as LSD, and fries the brain. Not true. Absinthe is manufactured from Artemisia absinthium, a plant which has no poisons in it. It is very bitter, like the Greek Ouzo, and the distillation process routinely results in absinthe proofs of 100 to 180 (50% to 90% alcohol by volume). This is significantly stronger than the average whiskey, but will not affect the drinker in any way other than drunkenness.
The truth, though, is that during the Moulin Rouge days of Toulouse-Lautrec and van Gogh, starving artists liked getting drunk, and couldn’t afford the good stuff. So they bought absinthe from cheap street vendors, who did not care to sell uncontaminated products. Cyanide and strychnine were found in this absinthe, and caused hallucinations.
Today, it is legal in the U. S., and perfectly safe to drink if bought commercially.
4
Tornado Myths
Opening windows will not spare your house, or any other building, from a tornado’s destructive power. The strongest on record measured 318 mph, which is more than sufficient to blast any building into pieces, except steel-reinforced concrete, and even then, the building must be short, or the wind will blow it over.
Do not hide under overpasses. The confined eaves in these places only increase the force of the wind, which has been reported as strong enough to drag F-250 pickup trucks out from under overpasses and throw them through barns 1000 yards away.
Tornadoes can, in fact, form in winter, and cause just as severe damage as during any other season. They have been seen traveling over snowfield, almost utterly white, and slamming into residential areas.
They can storm through large cities without any problem, as opposed to the belief that they will never damage Oklahoma City. Fort Worth suffered one in 2000, which killed 2 people, and destroyed 8 skyscrapers. 17 others were severely damaged. 60+, in all, had their windows blown out.
3
Shakespeare the Wordwright
The myth has gone on for years now that Shakespeare invented about 1,700 words still common in English. Not true. He Anglicized many Latin and Greek words, among other languages, thus coining new English words. But to beinvented, a word must have no etymology before a single person imagines it.
He is said to have invented “assassination,” but what he did was derive it from the Medieval Latin “assassinare,” which means “to kill an important person.”
All of the words he is reputed to have invented can be explained this way. He did, however, devise first name uses for quite a few words, including Viola, Jessica, and Adrian. The first is Latin, the second Hebrew, the third Greek.
Sidenote: Sir Isaac Newton Anglicized “gravitas,” which is Latin for “weight,” into “gravity.” As he was the first to discover the mechanism and its properties, how they work, he had to come up with a word for it. No one else had ever called gravity anything.
2
Darwin and the Origin of Man
Debaters on both sides are grossly misinformed. Darwin never states in his book On the Origin of Species that humans evolved from apes. He states, quite differently, that apes and humans both evolved from a common ancestor. This seems somewhat less offensive to fundamentalists, and if both sides were to consider it, it might smooth the relationship between fundamentalists and science.
1
Kangaroo
This story of how the kangaroo got its name is unfortunately not true. It states that Captain James Cook first landed on Australia, near modern day Sydney, and met the Gweagal tribe of Aborigines on the beach. At this moment, a kangaroo hopped out of the forest with its joey in its pouch and the Europeans, having never seen such a strange animal, asked the Aborigines, “What in the world is that?!”
The Aborigines turned to each other, then shrugged, and one of them said, “Kangaroo!” which is Gweagal for, “I don’t understand what you’re saying!”
Well, the truth is much more banal. “Kangaroo” is derived from the Guugu Yimidhirr (another Aborigine tribe) word “gangurru,” which means…”kangaroo.”
Source: http://listverse.com/2009/11/07/10-more-myths-debunked/
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The terms used in the Rubiks cube strategy guide are well-known to the cubing world. The squares that make up the Rubiks cube are known as Cubies. The colored stickers on the fronts of all the Cubies are known as Facelets. There are three types of Cubies: Corners, Edges and Center Cubies. Corners have three facelets, edges have two and the center Cubies have only one facelet. Notice that in our graphic there is also a label under one side of the cube that says "Front". Since all of the diagrams are shown at an angle, also showing the right and top sides of the cube, it's important to always look at the cube from the front perspective when making your moves. Showing the cube at an angle is necessary because you will have to make different sets of moves based on various arrangements of Cubies on both of these other two sides.
Since we have solved the first corner of our top row when we primed it, we are now ready to solve the other three. To do so, you must turn the entire cube (not any rows, columns or faces) to the left so that your original corner cubie is now the upper-left-hand corner on the front of the cube. In our example, you can see that the upper-left-hand corner is now the original blue-red-white corner with the blue and red facelets showing on the graphic (since we turned the entire cube to the left). We now need to solve the upper-right-hand corner again, so we must figure out which corner to put there. In fact, this is quite easy. Since the mystery cubie must have blue on it (otherwise it won't match the rest of the top color), and it must also have red on it (or it won't make a full-red side with the first red facelet there), we simply must find the other corner on the cube with blue and red on it. On our cube, this would be the Blue-Red-Yellow cubie.
It may also happen that the target Blue-Red-Yellow Cubie is already in its proper top-row position but it is not facing the right way (the red facelet is not on the same side as the original red facelet). If the Blue facelet is on the front (position 4) use the fourth algorithm, and of course if it is on the right side of the cubie (position 5) use the fifth algorithm. If your desired cubie is trapped in the middle layer, simply skip to another corner and once you solve it the target cubie will have been forced back into the top or bottom row. When you are finished with the corners, your cube will have a Blue "X" on the top with all of the corner colors matching up horizontally with their partners.
Now that we know the general ideas on how to find the proper target cubie and then move it into position, we're ready to finish the top layer. Keeping the above concepts in mind, we must now find the target edge cubies (those that will complete the top row) and move them into the new target positions, again colored black here. Simply turn the bottom and middle layers until the target cubie is in one of these spots, and based on which side the top color (blue) is on, select from the following algorithms to move it into its place. When you are finished with step two, the entire top layer of the cube is solved.
To begin step 3, you must first turn the middle layer around so that the center cubies in the middle layer all match with their top layer counterparts. In our example, you can see that the red center and yellow center match up with their respective colors above them. This is known as forming the Half-T. Once you have the centers aligned, you've already partially solved the middle layer. The only thing left to do is place the remaining edges.
Now you'll turn the entire cube upside down (the Blue top now becomes the bottom) and arrange the last unfinished layer (Green) corners into their correct positions, although not yet finished. On our cube, the front face is the red side. So the correct corners for the front (labeled as 1 and 2) must both have Green and Red facelets on them so they'll match up with the bottom two layers we've already solved and also the Green top. Using this logic, the back side of our cube is Orange so the back corners (labeled as 3 and 4) must both then contain Green and Orange facelets. Furthermore, all the final corners must also be on their correct sides. For example, on our cube the Green-Red-White corner must be in position 1 and the Green-Red-Yellow corner must be in position 2. Once we are ready to finish them in the next step they must be ready to match up with all three colors.
Remember, we aren't trying to completely solve these final corners yet, just moving them into place to be finished in the next step. As an example, on the mini-cube to the right you can see that the Green-Red-White corner is in the correct position but not yet finished (the green facelet is on the front, the white facelet is on the top etc). The Green-Orange-White cubie on the back right side is also in the correct position, but obviously not matching up correctly yet (the orange facelet is on the white side). However, that's all you have to do for this step! We'll be flipping all of these corners around to finish them in Step Five. Here are the maneuvers used to arrange the corners into their correct positions, although not yet solved:
In this step, we will flip all of the last layer corners around into their final finished positions. On our cube, Green is the last layer color. To solve the corners, we will focus on three different configurations concerning the Green facelets. Using the graphic to the left, hold your cube so that when you are looking at the front you can see any of these Green facelet configurations exactly as shown. For this step, none of the other remaining facelets (or the rest of the cube) matter so they are not shown, including any other Green facelets on the last layer. Once you've located one of the three arrangements, perform the following algorithm:
You should now find that you have also placed at least one of the remaining last layer edges into its final position, although not necessarily turned around correctly. Turn the entire cube around so that the side with a correctly positioned edge is now the front (in some cases, you'll have a couple to choose from). In our diagram, the side with the Green-White edge is the front because the edge is in its proper place (just needing to be flipped over). Then perform the following repositioning algorithm to move the rest of the edges into their proper places (up to two times). If you couldn't find a correctly positioned edge to start with, perform the algorithm once from any front and then proceed as usual.
We are now ready to completely solve the Rubik's cube. At this point, only the last unfinished layer concerns us so the rest of the cube is not shown. In almost all cases, there will be two edges completely solved after finishing step six above, and two edges unsolved. The two unsolved edges, however, are now properly positioned on their correct sides and simply need to be turned around to be finished. Turn the entire cube around until the last two unsolved edges match up to either of the graphics shown to the left when looking at the front of the cube. In our graphic, the completely solved cubies of the last layer are shown in Pink, and the two unsolved edges are shown in Purple.